The Toll-like receptors form part of the antigen recognition receptors for innate immunity and recently have raised great interest in therapeutic manipulation of the innate immune system. There are two broad categories of TLRs, those that are expressed at the cell membrane (TLR2, TLR6, TLR4 and TLR5) and those expressed in endosomal compartments (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9). TLR agonists are being explored for the treatment of cancer, allergies and viral infections. TLR antagonists are in advanced clinical development for therapy of severe sepsis which aim at reducing inflammation due to infection or autoimmune disease. The most obvious and also most advanced use of TLR agonists is the application as adjuvants to vaccines in order to initiate the adaptive immune response of more defined antigens which have lost great part of immunogenicity of live attenuated or dead vaccines.

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